A robot may use internal sensors to sense which of the following?

• A. Battery capacity
• B. Wheel position
• C. Position of arms and joints
• D. All of the above are reasons a robot may use internal sensors to sense

Answer: (D)

Internal sensors monitor the robot’s own state to provide feedback for control and decision making. Battery capacity is something the robot needs to know internally to manage power and plan tasks. Wheel position is tracked by encoders on the drive system, giving the robot information about how far it has moved. The position of arms and joints is measured by joint encoders, supplying the current configuration for manipulation. Since all of these quantities are internal to the robot, they are all valid targets for internal sensing. That’s why the best choice is that all of the above can be sensed internally. External sensors would be used to sense the environment, not the robot’s own state.